Small Business Plan

Small Business Plan m m C C Executive Summary Proposed Name of business: Chocolate Milk Proposed address: Prime function of the business: providing a variety of clothing to men Mission statement of the business: to provide Men with quality clothing, having a variety and a great location. Vision of the business: aim of the business is to expand and franchise to allow customers to purchase quality clothing Legal structure of the business: legal structure of Chocolate Milk is a private company that is an incorporated business with limited liability.Chocolate Milk has become a sole trader, positive highs of becoming a sole trader is that you are able to make your own decisions. If the business is interested in expanding in the future it will then become a franchise, doing so will expand the business so it then becomes well known and is a great marketing strategy. C C The products your business will sell: C C M M Casual T-shirts M M C C Dressy tops (club wear) M M C C M M Jeans pants (lon g /and shorts) Jackets / jumpers (ranging from all different materials) Swimwear (trending shorts) Accessories ( backpacks, sunglasses, bracelets)Financial goals of the business: Expanding into a franchise Having a variety of men’s clothing (shoes, hats, jewellery) To expand and produce chocolate milks own clothing line Social goals of the business: Personal goals of the business: Situation Analysis Target Market: the target market of chocolate milks business is targeting the ages of 17 to 26 these are the ages that continue to stay with the trend, the most popular clothing being casual but indie, meaning fashion that will stir the normal trend, and may even bring the old ones in. Key competitors:The key competitors of chocolate milk are a variety of high fashion trend stores that have become very popular are: These stores are high competitors because they have franchised and expanded their business. They have gone further to put up a online store for their brand, which has e xpanded them further, it is a good market plan that boosts up your business, and gets your name/brand known all over the world. These stores are a main threat to chocolate milk because they serve for the same age group and have the same fashion trends. The establishment stage of the business:Chocolate milk has many characteristics of the establishment stage of the business life cycle some are: Positive cash flow Creating name/brand of the business and registering it as your own Monitoring the business and evaluating the weakness’s and improving on it to then set a firm foundation for your business, for the future years, and continually improving Having a healthy customer base flowing in Benefiting your business by having a positive amount of profit Having high quality staff that will represent your business Continually staying on top of all the financial work within the business Swot Analysis  ¦| | | |Outline strengths(internal)| | Outline weaknesses (internal)| Outline opp ortunities (external)| Outline threats(external)| * Customer loyalty * Having popular products * Keeping up with fashions trends within the market * Having high quality staff that are continually proving themselves| | * Main weakness the business faces is that it hasn’t expanded to be an online store to further more opportunities * And having only one location is a very big challenge because advertising has to be very high * Only targeting men| * To target the online market sales * Having new technology to increase our customer base (advertising on high end sites that will gain interest of customers)| * Customers are continually using the online buying instead of going into stores which threatens chocolate milk. * People make cheaper clothes that look the same as chocolate milks brands. | Operations plan Key products that will sell: Key products that chocolate milk will sell are high new quality clothing all original and unique in their own way, the clothing brands we are to sell are what will bring the business to have a high product sales. Service offered: Chocolate milk is located in one of the high fashion places in Sydney, this gives us a variety of great customers, having a large store that operates with a large range of clothing, walking into the store gives males a variety they need. Equipment required:Equipment chocolate milk will need to operate the store and to be able to display all the products will be a variety of different shelves, racks, tables, dressing rooms, POS ( two, point of sale), a steam iron ( for the more delicate items that crease), those are the items needed. Laws and regulations: As any business they need to follow the laws and regulations that the Government put down, by doing this your bettering your business by having guidelines and rules, this really contributes to your business/workplace. Some of the laws and regualstions that chocolate milk needs to abide by are: * New South Wales Occupational Health and Safety Act 200 0 * Sex Discrimination Act 1984 * The Age Discrimination Act 2004 * Equal Employment Opportunity * Fair Trading Act * Fair Work Act * Australian consumer rights * NSW Tax laws and regulationsSuppliers and their location and what they are supplying: Levi – Levi home base is located in ‘San Francisco, the United States’ since the company’s founding in 1853. But through the years their headquarters have branched out and some of these locations are now in Brussels-Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Singapore – Asia Pacific Division Headquarters. This brand/label will supply Chocolate Milk with high quality jeans, ranging from all different types of denim material, and all having a unique design. Address/location/country/Telephone/Fax San Francisco, U. S. A| Europe, Middle East and North Africa| Singapore| Levi Strauss & Co. 1155 Battery StreetSan Francisco, CA 94111U. S. A.Tel: (415) 501-6000Fax: (415) 501-7112| Levi Strauss Europe, Middle East and N orth Africa (LSEMA) Avenue Arnaud Fraiteur 15-23 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (32-2) 641-6011| 1 Kim Seng Promenade #16-01 Great World City East Tower Singapore 237994 Tel: (65) 735-9303 Fax: (65) 735-2923| Wrangler – Its headquarters is in Greensboro, North Carolina in the United States, with headquarters in a variety of locations throughout the world. Some of them are based in North America, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. This brand/label will provide chocolate milk with top of the range; jeans, T-shirt, Jackets, and accessories that will help your fashion trends throughout the seaons. Australian headquarters based in Victoria TRUE ALLIANCE 270 DAREBIN RD FAIRFIELD VICTORIA AUSTRALIA 3078 +61 3 9481 9999 Factors affecting choice of suppliers:Chocolate Milk has chosen these brand/labels for the purpose that they are well known all over the world, they have the trending fashion for men that is very popular, all the brands have high quality clothing they all brands appeal to target market being male men of the ages17 to 29. These labels are well known for the quality product they produce and with this comes affordable prices. Shop layout My shop layout is convenient in many ways not just to my business that is very high in advertising of the products but the way the public view it from the outside as well. I want my shop to be known as a well-respected business throughout the community. The way I’ve designed my shop is to bring customers in, hoping they’ll be intrigued by the displays and the whole cleanness of the shop, the environment is clean that I am in, so my shop shouldn’t ever be below standards.I have defined clear exits signs (emergency exits) making it easy for people to view and the shop is very open and spread out so there should be an obstacles in the way in case of an emergency, this also help my customers to walk freely throughout the shop not feeling confined. The theme of the shop is wild and free letting the young youth of our generation be shown through all the displaying furniture, having unusual displays to present the product this is how we intrigue our target market, by the unusual. Inventory Control: The way I will be able to monitor my inventory flow (stock), I will be coming into work on the day the business is closed ‘Wednesday’ being that day and I will be going through all the items my ‘inventory’ whether that be the clothes, accessories.I will be filling out how many items we have out on display and at the back (storage) and the sheet I have printed will tell me how many I should have in stock, and I will then count up how many we have displaying and out back in storage, and then come up with a final sheet to see if any of the stock is missing. Example inventory control sheet: Date: Wednesday 25th of July| Name: clothing stock take| Label| Item Code| Category| The quantity you should have in stock| Quantity you have:| Inventory lost | Levi| M308352929723 | Jackets- denim| 20| 20| | Wrangler| S934U935U2020| Original wrangler T-shirt -cotton| 15| 13| 2| Element| D9234834E0343| Hat| 5| 5| | Stussy| H2349743752H2| Singlet| 11| 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Quality control procedures- Depending on the flow of inventory that is getting sold, that will decided on the amount of stock that will be brought . Whether extra stock should be brought for a popular item (one that is getting sold out). Again buying more stock and new stock for the seasons depends on sales. Employment relations Plan: The levels of staffing in Chocolate Milk are: 1 full time 5 part time staff Recruitment process/ development program: The recruitment approach that chocolate milk uses is a 7 stage process, this process consists of: After this you will begin training, 5 training shifts where you will be shown through the procedures of the shop and POS.After this you will begin training, 5 training shifts where you will be shown through the procedures of the shop and POS. Website (www. chocolatemilk. com. au) Website (www. chocolatemilk. com. au) You will attend an introduction day going through the shop and answering any questions. You will attend an introduction day going through the shop and answering any questions. Options- career -fill out cover letter and resume plus availability (hours & days ) Options- career -fill out cover letter and resume plus availability (hours & days ) Then after the 5 shifts you are able to be on your own if needed, but you will be watched for a 3 month period Then after the 5 shifts you are able to be on your own if needed, but you will be watched for a 3 month periodIf you receive a call back again after the face to face interview you have been successful and received the job If you receive a call back again after the face to face interview you have been successful and received the job If selected you will receive a phone call, (an over the phone interview) If selected you will receive a phone call, (an over the pho ne interview) During face to face interview you will be asked a series of questions and fill out more application forms During face to face interview you will be asked a series of questions and fill out more application forms If selected again after the interview you will be called to have a face to face interview If selected again after the interview you will be called to have a face to face interviewNew employees go through a introduction day, this day will give them more insight on the business they will soon be working for. This day consists of going through the everyday procedures, and going through all the rules and regulations of the business. When rostered on they will be going through five training shifts, these training shifts will consist of learning: * Learning POS (Point Of Sale) ( greeting the customer) * Team work ( a successful business is only successful if everyone works together) * Floor duties ( moment of truth- be polite to customers by greeting them) * Decision making * Emergency exit meeting point Employee wages: * Full time staff – $ 20 an hour Part time staff – $ 16 an hour Days| Danielle| Jess| Mel| Stephanie| Nicole| Mechelen| Hours open| Monday| Danielle| Jess| | | | | 7hrs| Tuesday| Danielle| | | | Nicole| | 7hrs| Wednesday| Danielle (stock)| —–| ——-| ————-| ———-| ————| 2hrs| Thursday| Danielle| Jess| Mel| | | | 7hrs| Friday| | | | Stephanie| | | 4hrs| Saturday| Danielle| | | | Nicole| Mechelen| | Sunday| ———–| ——-| ——-| ————-| ———–| ————| ———–| Total worked hours during the week:| 30hrs| 14hrs | 7hrs| 4hrs| 14hrs| 7hrs| | On-costs for the business Some on-costs of Chocolate Milk are: * OH&S requirements Long service leave * Sick leave * Holiday pay * Maternity leave * Leave loading * Wages * Insurance Non-monetary benefits: Chocolate Milk has many non-monetary benefits for staff members that have done great work and have shown that they are following work procedures and guidelines; some of these are: * Retailer voucher * Movie voucher * Discount on products Worker appraisal process: * Promotions within the business * Rewards received ( extra benefits, for following working procedures) Marketing Plan Marketing objectives: Chocolate Milks marketing objective is to increase the business of the store (getting the name known) by 40% in the next 12 months.By doing this we will have a high customer base, and we will be able to add more features to our stores: e. g. Loyalty cards, giving our employees discounts and promotional offers. Competitive advantage of this business Chocolate Milk as a business has many competitive advantages such as; * Unique clothing * High up in all fashion trends * Staff continue to help the business grow * Targeting the young youth Product strategies| Pricing strategies| Promotion strategies| Distribution strategies| -great quality products-unique designs-the products that are sold are eye catching -| Chocolate uses Market price method of pricing-the products sold at Chocolate milk have a price mark-up of 2. (250%)| Upselling of business– staff tell customers the benefits of the storeA big promotional strategy are loyalty cards Advertising- advertising on high end sites or social networks for example Facebook, and magazines | The distribution method used for Chocolate Milk is:ProducerwholesalerretailerCustomer| Financial Plan Type of finance required: The owner equity is 20’000 to start up the business while the loan was 10’000. This was the best option of finance because Chocolate Milk needed this to start up the business and push through all the circumstances and challenges of the establishment stage of a business. Breakeven point – Breakeven point in ne eded to see the estimate amount of goods you need to sell to make a profit. Break even = total fixed costs Unit price – variable costs per unit 193508 40 – 15 = 7740. 32 000 $000 108 Breakeven6 Variable costs , Fixed costs4 Revenue20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000$0000 $0000 | Revenue: Revenue Statement Chocolate Milk For year ending Sales 500 000 Less COGS 80 000 Gross Profit 420 000 Less Operating Expenses Selling expenses Advertising 2000 Wages 88608Deliveries 1000 91608 Aministrative expenses Rent 104000 Telephone 2000 Stationary 200 106200 Financial Expenses Insurance 1500 1500 199308 Net profit 220692 Revenue Statement Chocolate Milk For year ending Sales 500 000 Less COGS 80 000 Gross Profit 420 000 Less Operating ExpensesSelling expenses Advertising 2000 Wages 88608 Deliveries 1000 91608 Aministrative expenses Rent 104000 Telephone 2000 Stationary 200 106200 Financial Expenses Insurance 1500 1500 199308 Net profit 220692 This Revenue statement allows the business to be financially stable. Due to the high cost of rent and wages, the business may suffer through the year and not make a substantial amount of net-profit.Even though these expenses of the business are very high it is necessary and relevant, this revenue statement shows that needs to increase sales so the net profit will not be as affect when all the expenses are paid. Balance Sheet: This Balance Sheet shows that the businesses assets to liabilities and owners’ equity are balanced. This allows Chocolate milk to be financially stable. Balance SheetChocolate MilkAssets LiabilitiesCurrent AssetsCurrent Liabilities Accounts Receivable 19000Accounts Payable 900stock 3400 Non-current AssetsNon-current LiabilitiesEquipment 590Loan 2090Owner’s EquityCapital 20 0002299022990|

Boutique Management System Essay

1. DESCRIPTION: The project is entitled as â€Å"BOUTIQUE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM† is developed by Visual Basic as front end and MS-Access as the back end. This project is designed to provide the easy access to maintain the reports of boutique service. This project is very useful to the all type of boutique service. By using this project we can maintain the reports of placing-order and delivery details, customer details, details, branch office details and working staff details. This project is developed with the help of visual basic 6.0. Boutique service is necessary and important for the society. A boutique is a small-scale to medium-scale shop employed to order raw dress materials, customized tailoring and delivered by the given date. Boutiques are distinguished from ordinary to expensive studio by features such as advanced techniques of perfect fashion tailoring, specialization and individualization of services, and committed delivery time, which are optional for most everyday services. As a special service, boutiques are usually expensive than usual boutique services, and their use is typically restricted to type of orders where one or more of these features are considered important enough to warrant the cost. Different boutique services operate on all scales, from within specific towns or cities, to regional, national and global services. In cities, there are often many boutique for various specialities. Owner operate alone or in small groups.. Here we design the project which involves the following data base. * Placing-Order and delivery details * Delivery Status * Customer details * Branch office details * Employee details The placing-order and delivery database contain the information about the cloth tailoring booking dates and customer name, delivery date, and delivery report. The delivery report has information such as the receiving person sign and whether the goods are delivered with good condition or not, the date and time of delivery. The customer database contains information about regular customer details such as customer name, address and their accounts details. Usually the boutique shops may or may not have branches across the cities and country so the branch office’s profit and booking, delivery details are maintained in the different database. The employee data base contain the personal details of staff such as employee name, address, data of joining, salary per month, mobile number, blood group. SYSTEM STUDY System analysis is a process of gathering the facts concerning the system breaking them into elements and relationship between elements. It provides a framework for visualizing the organizational and environmental factors that operate on a system. The quality of work performed by a machine is usually uniform, neat and more reliable when compared to doing the same operations manually. 2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM The Placing-Order details, the customer details and the Delivery Details are maintained manually. The study of the existing system revealed that the system has several drawbacks. DRAWBACKS * The existing system has no security measure against logging in and no checks are made for authorized users. * The end user has to remember a lot of command to make efficient use of the system. * The system does not have any descriptive reports and thus did not help management in decision-making. * The Delivery information per day is sometimes unable to find. * Enormous amount of time is consumed PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system is been developed to maintain the Boutique Management for customers to maintain the Placing-Order details, Customer details, Delivery details, etc., BENEFITS * The user can enter only if the username and the password are correct. * The process of planning will be easy since every process is computerized. * Time Saving. * The Delivery information per day and per month can be known. * The details of the all saved information can be viewed. * The data can be accessed easily whenever needed and so the manual work can be reduced SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT: HARDWARE CONFIGURATION: PROCESSOR: PENTIUM IV HARD DISK CAPACITY: 40 GB MONITOR: 14 â€Å"SAMTRON MONITOR FLOPPY DISK DRIVE: 1.44 MB PRINTER: TVS 80 COLOR INTERNAL MEMORY CAPACITY: 128 MB KEYBOARD: LOGITECH OF 104 KEYS CPU CLOCK: 1.08 GHz MOUSE: LOGITECH MOUSE SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION: OPERATING SYSTEM: WINDOWS XP FRONT END : VISUAL BASIC6.0 BACK END : MS-Access 2003 Software Details Front End Visual Basic (VB) is a computer programming language. VB is the third-generation event-driven programming language an Intregrated Development Environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. VB is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming language, because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations. Back End Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools. It is a member of the 2007 Microsoft Office system. Access can use data stored in Access/Jet, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or any ODBC-compliant data container (including MySQL and PostgreSQL). Skilled software developers and data architects use it to develop application software. Relatively unskilled programmers and non-programmer â€Å"power users† can use it to build simple applications. It supports some object-oriented techniques but falls short of being a fully object-oriented development tool. Access was also the name of a communications program from Microsoft, meant to compete with ProComm and other programs. This proved a failure and was dropped. Years later Microsoft reused the name for its database software. Access version 1.0 was released in November 1992. Since that time, the following versions have been released: 2.0, 95, 97, 2000, 2002 (also called XP), 2003, and the latest, 2007. Microsoft specified the minimum operating system for Version 2.0 as Microsoft Windows v3.0 with 4 MB of RAM. 6 MB RAM was recommended along with a minimum of 8 MB of available hard disk space (14 MB hard disk space recommended). The product was shipped on seven 1.44 MB diskettes. The manual shows a 1993 copyright date. The software worked well with very large records sets but testing showed some circumstances caused data corruption. For example, file sizes over 700 MB were problematic (note that most hard disks were smaller than 700 MB at the time this was in wide use). The Getting Started manual warns about a number of circumstances where obsolete device drivers or incorrect configurations can cause data loss. Access’s initial codename was Cirrus; the forms engine was called Ruby. This was before Visual Basic – Bill Gates saw the prototypes and decided that the BASIC language component should be co-developed as a separate expandable application, a project called Thunder. The two projects were developed separately as the underlying forms engines were incompatible with each other; however, these were merged together again after VBA.

Apple Organization Structure Essay

Each team will present a case during the course. The presentation will take between 15- 20 minutes. It should provide 1. summary of the case including information on who the main actors are, what the internal and external environment for this company is and what the key challenges are. You should also try to go beyond the case and make links to the themes in the book on corporate entrepreneurship. Again, presentations should also involve the audience with discussion points and other interactive elements. In addition to the presentation, teams hand in a written report on the case. Teams are graded on the basis of the presentation, the written document and their ability to answer questions and to raise discussion in class. Apple Organizational Structures Apple’s New Organizational Structure Could Help It Move Faster This cartoon has been floating around the Internet for a few years. It’s supposed to be a humorous take on how all the biggest tech companies are organized. It might have to be updated to account for changes at Apple. When Steve Jobs was in charge, everything flowed through him. Now that he’s dead, the company is taking on a more collaborative approach, according to various reports. The latest, from Adam Satarino at Bloomberg, says Jony Ive is encouraging Apple’s software and hardware teams to collaborate, something that never happened under Jobs. Ive was given control over Apple’s software look and feel in November. Previously, he was only in charge of the look of the hardware. This new collaborative approach is causing Apple to be more deliberate than in the past, says Satarino. This could lead to delays, he says. Because this is Ive’s first crack at Apple’s software, ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s understandable that there are going to be delays. He’s spent six months on a project that normally takes a year. In the long run it will be interesting to see how this collaborative approach works. As the org chart above demonstrates, Apple was always a company with one guy making all the calls. This made product decisions easier. But it also made them slower at times. We heard from a source that Apple often faced bottlenecks because everything had to flow through Jobs. And Jobs was the kind of person who would get intensely focused on one thing, leading to him ignoring other products at the company. Former Apple employee David Sobotta told us, â€Å"If we saw Steve Jobs come into a briefing, he couldn’t talk about anything else, other than the thing he was working on †¦ He came into an enterprise sales briefing, and at the time he was working on iMovie. So, we’d be talking about home movies in the enterprise briefing.† In theory, the new organizational structure should help certain divisions make decisions more quickly. But, collaboration has its downside. If everyone is trying to reach consensus on a decision it could lead to big delays. http://www.businessinsider.com/apples-new-organizational-structure-could-help-it-move-faster-2013-5#ixzz2eiKk1VKI

The automotive industry in For almost the past hundred years the Essay

The automotive industry in For almost the past hundred years the automotive industry has dominated Michigan's economy. How and - Essay Example In addition, in 1990, the city ranked thirteenth amongst largest cities in the United States with a population of about 285,000 residents (Cooney & Yacobucci, 2006). The other thing is that the city was situated along a river, whose water offered power and transportation for outgoing goods and incoming supplies. This paper therefore, seeks to find out why for almost the past hundred years, the automotive industry has dominated Michigan’s economy. In addition, the paper will explore how and why the industry established itself in Michigan, and what have been its effects--positive and negative. From the beginning, Detroit was preferably positioned to be a hub of the automobile industry in the United States. This is based on the fact that the place was squarely located in the heartland of United States—an area that connected many other key regions in the US. For instance, it was linked Pennsylvania, lower New England, Ohio, Illinois and Indiana (McAlinden & Andrea, 1992). W ith these, the required raw materials for production of automobiles were easily transported to the city via rail and the Great Lakes waterways (McAlinden & Andrea, 1992). Furthermore, the coal producing regions of West Virginia and Pennsylvania were directly connected to Michigan and specifically Detroit by rail. Furthermore, the great steel factories of Youngstown, Pittsburgh, Gary, Chicago and Cleveland were just a few miles away from Detroit. The copper and iron mining zones of Minnesota and northern Michigan were reachable without any difficulty by ship (McGinnis, 2005). The other contributing factor was that its centrality at west and east confluence offered auto manufacturers easy access both to the much needed capital and product markets for its unprecedented growth. The contribution of Henry Ford and Dodge was another factor behind the establishment of Michigan as an auto hub (Cooney & Yacobucci, 2006). Before, the coming of Ford, the first auto companies were very tiny oper ations, however, this changed as Ford invented the methods of mass production, along with the advanced assembly line techniques, including vast River Rouge complex, aspects which turned around the scale and scope of auto production in Michigan (McGinnis, 2005). Dodge, on the other hand, set up an enormous Main automobile Plant just close to that of Ford. All these grand automobile plants served to turn Michigan into an American automobile hub. The accessibility of Detroit also brought in enough workers who provided reliable labor for the labor-hungry automobile industry. Potential auto workers from Midwest moved into the area as a result of the declining logging industry. In short, Henry Ford, based in Detroit, Michigan, was responsible for the groundbreaking innovations that were later copied by competitors such as Chrysler, American Motors and General Motors. Each organization set up their headquarters in the Detroit making it the main center for car production not just in America but also world over. Positive impacts of auto industry in Michigan Enhanced Diversity The emergence of the automobile industry completely transformed Michigan and especially Detroit, attracting more than one million new migrants and via its technological aspect and its demographic impact, reshaped the cityscape in different ways. The population of the State changed in diversity (McAlinden & Andrea, 1992). On top of migrants from the hinterlands of Midwest,

Poverty, Income Inequality, and Community Crime Rates Research Paper

Poverty, Income Inequality, and Community Crime Rates - Research Paper Example From the essay it is clear that increased rates of violent crime and burglary in the United States have raised questions about their association with the aggregate economic condition. Rising crime rates during the current time of economic uncertainty have exacerbated an already difficult situation for societies across the United States. In the early 1970s and late 1980s, a range of important literature reviews failed to arrive at a clear consensus regarding the association between income inequality in various states and violent crime. The majority of researchers chose to focus on the link between crime and selected social aspects, while others examined the impact of the rate of inflation. The U.S. Congress has also expressed concern over this issue and directed funding toward a number of federal programs that provide support to local and state law enforcement agencies. This shows clearly the impact of income on crime. This discussion highlights that the United Nations Global Pulse initiative cautions that world leaders must closely monitor indications of rising social tension and crime in their countries in the context of negative economic situations, and particularly vulnerable populations experiencing high levels of inequality. This assertion relies on the premise that offenders and victims of crime are vulnerable groups that have a likelihood of increasing in size during tough economic conditions, especially in areas with poor income distribution. In times of economic crisis, large numbers of citizens may undergo severe, or even sudden, income reductions.

English - The Canterbury Tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English - The Canterbury Tales - Essay Example This paper analyzes how the â€Å"General Prologue† functions to introduce â€Å"The Canterbury Tales.† This prologue has a cacophony of voices that serve several purposes for Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer's â€Å"General Prologue† functions as an introduction to â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† by expressing three general voices that impact the rest of the tales and aim to describe the poet and the functions of poetry: Chaucer the Pilgrim, the host, and the clerk. Medieval theory and practice show that Chaucer uses the â€Å"General Prologue† to depict â€Å"multiple voicing,† which is his literary strategy in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales.† â€Å"Multiple voicing† is a form of argumentation that can be found in medieval narrative, including debates on allegories, private conversations, and different forms of monologues (Nolan 117). This kind of approach employs diverse voices that present social, moral, or spiritual questions, and resolve s them too through its narrative (Nolan 118). The subjective aspect of the text, which is based on the poet's authority, is also rendered in other voices. Any of Chaucer's character can act as the moral compass of the poet (Nolan 118). Nolan stresses that when readers â€Å"hear† a number of voices in the â€Å"General Prologue,† they are listening to â€Å"the master of an art cultivated by generations of French and Italian writers† (118). The art is in juxtaposing voices against other voices, so that the text becomes more textured and complex. Nolan recognizes other poets who have also affected Chaucer's writing style, such as â€Å"Benoit de Sainte-Maure, Guillaume de Lorris, Jean de Meung, Boccaccio, Dante, and Machaut† (118). The primary theoretical groundwork for multiple voicing in the Middle Ages can be rooted from the rhetorical handbooks that have been generally employed in grammar schools (Nolan 118). These handbooks emphasize the importance of deliberate voicing and impersonation in the speaker's presentation of his/her identity, as well as in expressing the characters' intentions, feelings, and behaviors (Nolan 118). Quintilian illustrates the speaker's self-presentation in the prologue and suggests a majestic way of managing voice, style, and manner: [W]e should... give no hint of elaboration in the exordium. But to avoid all display of art in itself requires consummate art... The style of the exordium... should...seem simple and unpremeditated, while neither our words nor our looks should promise too much. For a method of pleading which conceals its art... will often be best adapted to insinuate its way into the minds of our hearers. (4.1.56-60; 2: 36-39, qtd. in Nolan 118) This is what the â€Å"General Prologue† did. It did not promise more that it can deliver. Instead, it merely describes the characters in ways that will prepare readers of their identities. The first Chaucerian voice is the first impersonati on: the learned poet or clerk. He stands for the voice who is knowledgeable of the â€Å"literary topoi of the Latin tradition† and rhetorical expression (Nolan 122). He is a philosopher who can breed stories from simple words. This rhetorical expertise attributed to the clerk's voice can be seen in other classical and medieval poets and philosophers (Nolan 123). This articulate voice is not limited to any genre but has been applied by other narratives, such as encyclopedias and scientific manuals (Nolan 123).

A Concept to Avoid and Minimize Security Risks in Cloud Computing Essay

A Concept to Avoid and Minimize Security Risks in Cloud Computing - Essay Example This project declares that the existing protection mechanism like encryption failed to provide sufficient security especially from the insider attacks within the cloud network. To overcome this issue a new technology has been introduced called Fog Computing. After doing deep analysis it is apparent that fog computing is not considered as a substitute for cloud it is just an addition of the cloud computing system and introduce new applications and services. These applications ensure safety by isolating user data from each other. The foremost goal of this technology is to put data near to the ultimate consumer. This paper makes a conclusion that Cloud Computing is a technology based service which is used for protecting data and for making use of the cloud resources anywhere anytime. Further Cloud Computing is designed with a collective pool of resources which manages private data centers for clients who are utilizing web application and batch processing services. Fog computing is a virtual platform which offers computing, networking and storage resources to the end-users. Fog computing is a new standard which provide a virtual IT infrastructure. The security solutions which are designed for cloud computing does not allow fog computing devices to balance their connectivity load at the verge of the network. Fog computing offers greater security and benefits while working with cloud. In this the user has to first register and sign up fog computing.

What Was Thatcherism In What Sense Was It Radical Or Conservative Essay

What Was Thatcherism In What Sense Was It Radical Or Conservative - Essay Example The first is that in 20th-century Britain she was the only leader to govern over three consecutive general elections, and through eleven years of service as Prime Minister she set the record for that century. Second, as the first and so far only woman British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher is strikingly the one individual to bequeath her name to an operative philosophy for a political course of action and modus operandi known as Thatcherism.1 Among other things, the philosophy is said to have initiated the movement from government to governance in which greater centralization, or a stronger state, is seen as paramount for the creation of a more energetic free market.2 In the wake of the 1978-1979 winter of discontent, after the Labour Party had been plagued with a stifling series of strikes by public service employees demanding better wages, the Labour government succumbed to union demands for a wage increase. The settlement met with scathing censure by Thatcher, who initiated the call for a vote of No Confidence. The subsequent 311-310 vote, left the ruling Labour Party and its government overwhelmingly defeated.3 Margaret Thatcher, as leader of the Conservative Party, campaigned for a fresh start by advocating energetic trade union control, an assertive market economy, free enterprise, radical reductions in government spending, tax cuts, a stable currency, and a reinvigorated foreign policy. Thatcher believed in private enterprise and personal accountability, and took a strong stand for family values, home ownership, reasonable personal savings, improved educational prospects, and renewed commitment to law and order.4 Thatcher's government steadily weakened trade union muscle, specifically with a determined response to the coal miners' strike of 1984-1985. The passage of measures such as rate capping and the introduction of the conflict-ridden Poll Tax in 1989 were initiated in an attempt to curb local government expenditure.5 In addition, the elimination of specific metropolitan councils, such as the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986, were moves intended to further check local government power.6 Another long-term effort to promote consumerism and individual initiative was to privatise a large number of formerly state-owned businesses such as British Aerospace, The National Bus Company, Associated British Ports, Jaguar, and British Telecom, to name just a few.7 In addition, Thatcherism professed a strong thrust for nationalism as evinced in the Conservative government's forceful response to the 1982 clash with Argentina over the Falklands.8 In Thatcher's last term, as a consequence of rifts in the cabinet over matters concerning the European Community, the wholesale antagonistic reaction of the public to the London Poll Tax, a negative stance on the part of many to her assertive style as Prime Minister, and ultimately the diehard intransigence of much of her own Conservative Party, Thatcher resigned in 1990.9 Even though the economy in the United Kingdom enjoyed improvement in the late 1980s, in the years following Thatcher's administration, a grave economic decline with high unemployment ensued.10 Still, Thatcherism seems to enjoy a certain theoretical resilience in the face of the rational and empirical imperfections of its ephemeral results.11 If Thatcherism reflects a governing philosophy built on the policies and style of leadership of Margaret Thatcher, the broader spectrum of its interpretation and application reaches beyond Thatcher's own elucidation to entail lasting political imperatives for a conglomerate of free markets, fiscal discipline, strong control over public expenditure, tax incentives, nationalism, Victorian

Texas Squatter's Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Texas Squatter's Rights - Essay Example result, each house was increasingly shifted to the east side of its lot, until the house on Lot 5 was built next to that lot’s eastern boundary with Lot 6. This case concerns a driveway built on a 20-foot strip of land just east of that boundary — a strip everyone assumed was on Lot 5, but was actually on Lot 6. When Lillian Haliburton bought Lot 5 in 1970, Lot 6 was owned by her brother’s family, the Buddes. For many years, both families used the driveway on the disputed strip. The driveway led to a garage built on both lots, which Haliburton used for parking and storage. Although Haliburton was no longer living at the time of trial, there was testimony that family members all presumed mistakenly that the driveway and garage belonged to her Lot 5. In 1995, the Buddes sold Lot 6 to the defendants, Minh Thu Tran and Norman L. Roser. In 2001, Haliburton sold Lot 5 to the plaintiffs, William and Nita Macha, who already owned Lot 4 to the west. During the latter transaction, a survey revealed that the driveway was not a part of Lot 5, so the Machas secured a quitclaim deed conveying any interest Haliburton might have acquired in the strip by adverse possession. When Tran and Roser learned of the survey, they obtained a permit and erected a fence around the strip. This suit ensued. A jury found the strip had passed by adverse possession to Haliburton, and thence to the Machas. The First Court of Appeals affirmed, holding in a divided opinion that Haliburton’s use of the strip and everyone’s mistaken belief that she owned it were legally sufficient evidence of adverse possession. See 176 S.W.3d 128 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2004). We disagree. Under Texas law, adverse possession requires â€Å"an actual and visible appropriation of real property, commenced and continued under a claim of right that is inconsistent with and is hostile to the claim of another person.† Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code  § 16.021(1). The statute requires visible appropriation;

The Inheritors by William Golding Essay Example for Free

The Inheritors by William Golding Essay Abstract This analytical essay presents an in-depth analysis of the book The Inheritors, which was written by William Golding. The bibliography appends one source in APA format. Outline Introduction Primary ideas of the reading Reflection of the time in which the reading was produced Personal response to the reading Conclusion Introduction â€Å"Golding favored this work above all his others. Many have agreed that his account of the final defeat of the last Neanderthal individuals at the hands of the emergent human race is powerfully and above all consistently imagined. The triumphs and disasters of the future are tragically implicit in this evocation of the conquest of an earlier, gentler group by those who are for good and ill our ancestors†. Anonymous   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Golding was one of the most significant novelists of the 1950s and the 1960s. Golding was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in the year 1983 and he also won the Booker Prize in the year 1980. â€Å"The Inheritors† is a well-known book written by William Golding, who is the author of the famous novel Lord of the Flies. Written in the year 1955, the book is based on Neanderthals and Homo sapiens and basically shows the inherent violent nature of the Homo sapiens. The novel is about the last of the Neanderthals and how the Homo sapiens gained success over them by the use of brutality and pretense with their natural superiority. The Neanderthals have been shown as very simple people, whose most prominent characteristic is that they think in images. In their world, understanding someone meant being able to see their picture. Also, in their highly amusing world, fire and water have the ability to be awake or fall asleep and even a log decides where and how to place itself in the water. As the author says, â€Å"He had thought that he must make sure the log was still in position because if the water had taken the log or if the log had crawled of on business of its own then the people would have to trek a day’s journey round the swamp and that meant danger or even more discomfort than usual† (Golding, p.12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The books written by William Golding are all based on the depravity of the human mind and nature. The Inheritors is one of those books. In the novel the author has brilliantly through his imagination recreated the world of the Neanderthals and of the successors of the Neanderthals, that is, the first of the human species. As mentioned above The Inheritors was the personal favorite of William Golding out of all his books and novels, and is related to the disappearance of the last of the Neanderthals by the hands of the much more refined and newly advanced species known as the Homo sapiens. Primary Ideas of the Reading â€Å"His novels†¦with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world today† Sweidsh Academy Nobel Prize Citation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Inheritors is a novel written by William Golding as an imaginative reconstruction of the life of a group og Neanderthals. William Golding in this novel takes the readers for a journey through the world of the primitive men and the world is such that is seen by the eyes, visions, and up-and-coming language expressions of the first of the humans. The characters have been drawn by the author rather very sensitively, covering each and every characteristic of theirs. In the novel, the language of the Neanderthals is limited to images or pictures, which they form in their mind. For example, in the words of the author, â€Å"He shut his eyes and frowned at the picture of the log† (Golding, p.12). The Neanderthals were highly dependant on their senses. They used them to detect intruders and to assure safety, As the author writes, â€Å"Then he searched the forest with ear and nose for intruders and only when he was sure of safety did he put down his thorn bush and kneel by the water† (Golding, p.12). The mental images of theirs are used by the Neanderthals to show them the way to food, their seasonal homes and to save them from possible dangers. The descriptions that have been given by the author are very precise. Marvelously defined are the surroundings and feelings of all the characters. Cold, drenched, starving, reliance on a sense of smell, stones for armaments, hyenas indicating a kill for the group of our most primitive ancestors to steal, and a blossoming plant intertwined forest of the early spring abounding with a mystical ice woman to be worshipped. This block of ice known as Oa is worshipped and awed by the whole of the tribe of Neanderthals. The book has been written by the author in such a way that at times one begins to consider the Neanderthals as the Homo sapiens. The Neanderthals are portrayed as characters, which do not talk but only gesture to each other, form images in their mind and carry out the burial of their dead with heartfelt, solemn rituals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are only eight of the remaining Neanderthals in the story, out of which there are six adults and a small girl and an infant. The tribal clan is led by a Neanderthal namely Lok. The story begins with a pair of Neanderthals who witness the death of a number of people of their group, which later proceeds on to the the kidnap of the infant neandethral. The parents of the infant neandethral begin observing the human species that live on a river island (and are scared of Neandethrals as they consider them demons of the forest). The neandethrals have their own religious rituals and while observing the humans through the tress they find out that the humans have completely different rituals. The religious activities of the Neandethrals are centered around Oa, the block of ice, while the activites of the Homo sapiens were centered around a female matriarch-priestess. The humans live across the river and the Neandethrals are extremely scared of crossing the water due to the fact that they cannot swim hence they are very scared to walk through the water to save their daughter. The homo sapiens have captured the daughter of the Neandethrals because their priestess wishes to keep her as her pet as she fancies the red her and the childish features of the infant. The new people, that is the homo sapiens are extremely different. The new people have already built boats, have weapons such as bows and arrows, have a very complex way of life and live rather sophisticated lives, know how to ferment honey into had used the bow-and-arrow as a formidable weapon, developed a more complex social structure, knew how to ferment honey into liquor, and also know of ways to protect themselves from h armful elements. These two groups of people have no single thing common between each other and do not gain anything common by the end of the novel. The new people, that is the homo sapiens have brought along with them art, war, lust, intoxication etc and eventually a battle takes place between them in order to see who the superior power is or that who has the ability to survive in the long run and who has the dominating power. A number of kidnaps as well as murders take place, but after all, humans with their treachery and sharp minds take over the Neanderthals and wipe them off the surface of earth. The Neanderthals had long before accepted the fact that the new species that is the Homo sapiens have such knowledge, wisdom, and weapons, control over the elements etc that the simpler species that is the Neanderthals would face nothing but doom at their hand. Reflection of the time in which the reading was produced   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Inheritors was written in the year 1955. By then, the general perception related to the first humans was that the Neanderthals had become distinct and they disappeared because of the fact that they fell in love with their beautiful human neighbors, that is the Homo sapiens. However, The Inheritors shows us a completely different picture. The book was written at a time when nearly nothing was known of the days when Neanderthals walked on earth. Back then, no research what so ever had been conducted regarding the period of the Neanderthals and the first humans and the way the humans had taken over the Neanderthals. It was in the 1950s that it was found that the primitive people, the first Homo Sapien had come up with a way to cross the water and not drown. This was a time when nothing was known of our ancestors, their society, their social lives, their characteristics, their features and all of this had to be brought out into the open so that we may realize just what we used to be and what we are now – sadly, there is not much of a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When one goes through the book under consideration, that is, The Inheritors, he or she gets to see his ancestors. The ancestors, who had already made weapons, were extremely ignorant, had the tendency to kill for their own good and were completely corrupt. It was believed back then (when the book was written) from what little was known about the Neanderthals that the Homo sapiens were superior to the Neanderthals. This according to Golding was untrue. The Homo sapiens were not superior in anyway what so ever. What the Homo sapiens were was more evil and clever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While going through the book today, we see a part of the current humans in the Homo sapiens of the first kind. There are extreme similarities between us and the Homo sapiens that have been portrayed by Golding in his book. The novel has been written about a time when the Neanderthals were disappearing and a new much cleverer and well-occupied kind of man came into being. These men were the Homo sapiens and they were none other than our ancestors. The Neanderthals were disappearing because of the Homo sapiens as they were gaining power over the land. Back then, the Homo sapiens killed the Neanderthals and today humans are killing off each other, which proves that man has not changed at all since then. Personal Response to the Reading   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the book we see a group of Neanderthals (they did not have family relations) who lived a peaceful life in their own world. Changes in the climate, the arrival of the Homo sapiens on the other side of the river along with certain bad omens from their God have upset them. The changes in the current environment is upsetting them because of the fact that they are not at all equipped to handle the changes that are taking place and all they have is the knowledge that they have inherited from their ancestors and completely lack in creative abilities and skills unlike the Homo sapiens who have equipped themselves with all it takes to counter the changing environment and are not at all afraid of the elements. These newcomers or the Homo sapiens have been portrayed as very clever, quick-witted beings that unlike the Neanderthals have a language and they also take up violence in order to get what they want. They notice that the Homo sapiens were armed with bows and arrows along with sharp tools that were made out of bone and they could cross the river without drowning by the use of rowing logs (boats). My personal response to the reading is that the book is very interesting although highly confusing as well. But no matter what, the book is very absorbing and it also presents us with an insight into the social life of the humans as to how humans can survive with only the earth as a guide for them to live. I believe that the story is somehow a bit disturbing, as it reveals the truth about our ancestors and it is rather hurtful to know that it was our ancestors, who were among the first to begin manslaughter. It is disturbing to find out that our ancestors were the ones who destroyed an entire species. This notion makes the reader feel very sympathetic towards the Neanderthals and it shows that the weak or the submissive people are not the inheritors of earth. They somehow, struggle to put up with the changing circumstances and we further see them failing badly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This piece of writing shows us the darkness that exists in the heart of the humans since the very beginning. It shows that the history of mankind is full of violence and barbaric acts that have been carried out against the innocent. Perhaps, the author is trying to show the two sides of a human beings nature. The innocent and caring nature of the Neanderthal symbolizing the love that perhaps every human has locked up deep within himself and the violent nature of the Homo sapiens depicting the darker side of a human being. The Neanderthals were very simple and believed in even a wooden log having its own will. They talked in pictures and thoughts. They believed in water being alive and awake or asleep. As the writer says, â€Å"the water was not awake like the river or the fall but asleep, spreading there to the river and waking up, stretching on the right into wildernesses of impassable swamp and thicket and bog. So sure was he of this log the people always used that he opened his eyes again, beginning to smile as if he were waking out of a dream; but the log was gone† (Golding, p.12). The only idea that I personally disagree with is that of telepathy between the Neanderthals. The story tells us that they did have the ability to talk, but they did not do so. Another aspect of the book which can cause problems for a reader is the fact that it is written completely from the point of view of Lok, hence certain things about the going-on’s are somehow confusing as it lacks clarity. At times one does not even know as to what is going on. But all in all, the entire book is very interesting and it lets a person learn much about they ways of his or her ancestors. The book is very enlightening and the fact that it is disturbing can be ignored in order to learn the truth about history and primitive men. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the light of the above discussion we can hereby culminate that the book under consideration, that is, The Inheritors was written by William Golding. The book was penned down by the author in the year 1955 after his extremely famous novel known as Lord of the Flies. The basic theme of the book is to educate the people about their ancestors that are the first of the Homo sapiens and the ways by which they took over the Neanderthals who were the last of their kind. The Neanderthals were simple, caring yet curious, while the Homo sapiens were clever, quick-witted, could cheat and commit treachery and could also get violent in order to get what they want. Eventually the Homo sapiens finished off the last generation of Neanderthals and took over the earth, or in other words, became the inheritors of earth. The book is at times very disturbing but all in all it is a good read as it tells us of the ways of our ancestors, which still prevail in our society and makes one think as to why we have not changed at all in all these years.                                           Bibliography Golding, W. (1955). The Inheritors. United Kingdom. Harvest Books. ISBN: 0156443791. Page 12

Belly Dancing in Popular Culture: Shakira

Belly Dancing in Popular Culture: Shakira Popular culture introduced certain dance forms as art is very subjective, a particular persons approach to dance is different in many ways especially in how one sees and explains a piece of dance. A particular dancer puts it in a way that each dance step has a sensation and each of these sensations becomes the object of a separate perception of the mind. Ones approach to dance is different, its source is ones emotion. Ones emotion affects a dance piece if it was danced with a different approach. Even if two or more people are performing the same step in a particular dance, the effect on is different depending on their style and how they make a particular movement big. For example Beyonce Knowles or Shakira, famous singers worldwide are well known for their dancing in addition to being blessed with great vocals. People like them have to adapt to many dance styles by different cheographers. As many of us know, Beyonce attempted a familiar dance style by Bob Fosse in her Single Ladies m usic video. Jacquel Knight, the 19 year old cheographer for this music video interpreted Bob Fosses dance style using the follow-the-leader and canon technique. Shakira on the other hand attempted dance the Arabic belly dancing which is seen in many of her music videos and concerts. Her approach to dance influenced people especially young artists and teenagers worldwide. Belly dancing had the certain uniqueness which shakira portrays and danced beautifully. Her approach to belly dancing was much more influential compared to beyonces follow-the-leader style in dance. Belly dancings exact orign is anticipatorily debated with dance enthusiasts. Belly dance was based on the social dance native to the Middle East. This dance is a fusion of many dance styles, there are many origins and many form of ethnic folk dances, which are usually performed for celebration and fun events like weddings or social gatherings. Traditionally, movements in belly dancing are utilized to demonstrate or ease fertility or childbirth. Outside of Middle East, belly dancing was popularized during the Romantic Movement in the 18th and 19th centuries as oriental artists characterized their interpretation of harem life in the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1900s, it was a common belief among the people in America and Europe that dancers were women of loose morals. This assumption drew criticism for its immodest dancing and was usually banned form the publics view which lead to an overall misunderstanding of the true nature of belly dancing. Belly dancing use movements in every mus cle group of the body and is usually an improvised dance with its own range of dance vocabulary, which is fluidly integrated with the music rhythm. Belly dancers express the emotions that are stimulated by the music. Belly dancers communicate to the audience the emotions and the rhythm of the music especially obvious during the drums solo section of a performance. Basic movements remain the same but the dance continued to grow and expand. The most important Egyptian forms of belly dance are the Lebanese and the Turkish. For Lebanese culture, this form of dance holds the same regard as ballet and opera in European countries and music is often based around the artists of Egypt. Shakiras Lebanese heritage was a great influence on her belly dancing style and music. Hip movement in lebanses is similar to that used in other belly dancing methods. The focus of attention is on the stomach area. Shakiras her intensive training in belly dancing has afforded her a fluidity in her body movement. she oftens performs barefoot however, foot movements are not considered important. The upper body and hand movements are used in a snakelike form throughout the dance routine. Shakiras music relates to the Arabic belly dance style which produces a great effect works very well. She recently cheographed a dance for her song La Tortura in collaboration with Jamie King. Shakira was influenced in the belly dancing industry not only through her background as a part lbranse. She was influenced by Miles Copeland from the pop group The Police. Miles formed the most famous belly dance troupe, Bellydance Superstars. This dance troupe tours internationally, introducing belly dance to different parts of the world by performing hundreds of shows throughout the globe. These performance had created new stars of a few dancers in the industry. Music in the middle eastern countries were the main influences which brought Shakira into becoming a performer. Shakira started writing poems since young which eventually turned into songs. Typical arabic music are usually accompained by belly dancing. Shakira enjoyed singing and performing for her schoolmates in her catholic school. She was known as belly dancing girl as she would perform when she learns a new move. Shakiras influence, especially her part labanese background shows her style and it made popular belly dancing in pop culture. as pop culture greatly influence the young genration these days through music and especially MTV, many teenagers of all age groups tends to imitated unique and popular music either by dancing or singing. They would join competitions like personal impersonation, dance competitions of all genres and even multi talents competition which usually includes singing and dancing for entertainment. The new age are usually attracted to the amazing way the body works in different movements in a certain dance and would imitate exactly from music videos if that certain dance is in a popular song a particular artist made popular. Some teens will abstarct the certain ways the artist move and improvise for certain competitions. Not only do teens perform only in competitions these day, they do perform at celebration places like weddings, social gatherings or even at clubs. The enthuism of these teenagers renewed history and belly dancings true nature. The dance which brought people together in the early days, a celebration dance. This brings a greater influence as not only teenagers would attend functions like weddings and social gatherings, older people who are not influenced by watching popular culture like MTVs or listen to the radio, gained knowledge about this particular dance style and genre by watching these teenagers dance. This have a huge impact on the particular artist who made the dance popular and thus expanding the industry of what he or she made famous. R and B artists and actresses like Ciara, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Yvonne De Carlo, Jessica Simpson, Aaliyah and Hilary Duff were influenced by shakira in a way that they used techniques like belly rolls as signature moves on stage. By influencing artists in certain ways like this allows the industry to expand even more and shakiras style slowly and eventually rose up internationa lly. The more popular artist who was influenced by Shakira is Beyonce. Despite having her own style in music and in dance, Beyonce explored and attempted different dances. Her dances are more of an abstraction like Bob Fosses movements, and the recent collorbration in 2007 with Shakira, spread belly dancing worldwide as the song and music video made it up the billboard in the music industry. Shakira choreographed the dance in the music video and taught beyonce some of her belly dancing moves. This learning process where they collaborated, influenced beyonce in her concert tours and music videos where she did belly dancing on stage and in front of the camera to her singles which have a strong rhythm to express the sexy lyrics and emotion of the song. Both Beyonce and Shakira have their own style and approach to their music just like in their own styles of singing. They are both concious of their own dance movements as they uses particular dance styles from centuries ago to express emotions new age music which brings a particularly amazing spark to their music like a signature movement and style. This signature movement and style lead to a great support with their audience as people remember and know them vividly because of the influences they appeal to the world and which expend and introduced the belly dancing industry.

Importance Of Time In As If To Nothing Drama Essay

Importance Of Time In As If To Nothing Drama Essay I find this contemporary dance piece As if to nothing which reflected to The important of time is very interesting in terms of the meaning that all dancers express feeling towards the audience and the question of What have we done so far in our lives? It came up in my mind as I observe the dance piece. It is a very strong idea about a persons life and brings upon a great impact when expressed correctly. Another aspect of the piece that I admire is how the choreographer made use of the dancers and the space on stage. The effects of the video recording with different angles and the use of space with the blocks is a very effective way in communicating the message to the audience. Thus I will be reviewing these two aspects: the theme for this piece and how does the choreographer achieve the effects of the video recording and the use of space. Lastly, I will be explaining the overview of the whole piece whether or not the choreographer has successfully fulfilled the intent of his work. The idea of important of time in this piece is catchy, as it is very relevant to a lot of us. As we know, time can change everything or even destroy many things in our life. We often do not realize a lot of minor details that happens in our life as time pass because it has become a routine for us. I reason I feel that this idea is interesting is because I strongly believe that the idea that a choreographer is trying to portray in a dance piece must always be relevant to the audiences that you are performing to. A lot of dance pieces have failed to Tee 2 connect because the audiences could not relate to the idea that the choreographer wants to communicate. Although it might be a very basic decision, a lot of choreographer missed this and made a piece that only they can relate to. As we can see in the beginning of this piece, the dancers played with different elements for example talking while dancing, repetition and exploring the speed of each and every movement. The first one that I have observed is repetition and talking while dancing at the same time. The female dancer kept repeating the same sentence what am I doing hereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? (in Cantonese). Well, it took a while for me to get the meaning of it. I felt that she was trying to express her feeling of regretful about why she was still doing a particular thing at this period of time and yet she could be doing a better one instead. However, the choreographer linked daily routines, such as brushing teeth with repetition to show that it is something that I am doing in my daily lifestyle. As the audience, I was trying to focus on whats going on with different individual on stage. I personally think that it is a little of a distraction to see different dancers doing different actions repeatedly. In my op inion, it would be more effective if all of them are doing the same action. This will keep the audiences focus on the idea of the story. One of the aspects I particularly liked, and was present in the second scene in this performance, was the play of lights. This scene made use of the lights extensively to enhance the effect of the performance and personally, the lighting were vital in the effectiveness of the performance. Shapes of lighting were being used and most of these shapes were squares, rectangles or strips of light across the props. This was unique for me because spotlights were usually in circle but in this performances, all the spotlights towards the props were, not circles, but rectangles or squares. It gave me the feeling that the dancers were being enclosed Tee 3 in a box and confined to the space within those boxes walls. A particular scene of the performance that I remember vividly was the scene where Peggy Lam, the female dancer was being carried by 2 male dancers in and outwards from the particular small box in square shape. I can see that she is very light and even one hand can carry her up passing through the hole of the box. This particular moment gave me the sense that the she was searching her memories, trying to think back what she had done in the past. The frustration that I can felt it from her emotion reminds me the important of time in my life. Movable props also played a big part as the choreographer successfully fulfilled the meaning of As if to nothing in this performance. The dancers kept changing the position of the props in different patterns like L shape, doors with square window and others. It gave me the feeling of nothing is permanent; nothing can remain the same in a particular period of time because time can destroy many things. In my opinion, the choreographer has cleverly expressed that nothing is permanent by just moving the set around the stage. It is definitely simple, but effective in the sense that the props were represented our memories or time. Another interesting choreographic intention was how the choreographer played through the video by showing the dancers movements whereas dancers were dancing the same movements on stage. The question of Why did the choreographer wanted to show the dancers movements through projection? appeared in my mind as I observed the dancers dancing on stage and at the same played with the projections. There was a segment which the dancers were dancing behind the props. The screen where placed at the ceiling facing the dancers. This scene was very powerful to me. Each dancer simply walking through the screen with so much conviction and focus in their eyes through the projection and though I was seated rather high up and far away from the stage, it was as if I could feel the intense focus in Tee 4 their eyes as they walked forward, seemingly with a purpose of getting somewhere. I was captured in the moment so intensely and it was breath-taking, the power of such simplicity. I started to gain a new knowledge where by the projection is my memory and my daily routines are the dancers movements. To explain in detail that can link to the theme of the whole piece, nothing is permanent, time can destroy many things but if I take a picture or record video of any interesting things that I have done in the life, it will still remain. Overall, what inspired me the most is the sense of being a professional dancer on stage. Dancers performance quality must be good so that it give the audience an overall image that can link to the theme of nothing is permanent. T.H.E dancers looked ready to perform, giving their full energy and high spirit to dance for one and the half hours. The dancers also showed good emotions as they immerse themselves into the dance theme As If To Nothing. This value should be with all dancers at all time. If I observe the dancers spatial awareness, I can see that the dancers are very precise when moving the sets around. I can see a lot of discipline involved in carrying out this piece. The dancers movements are also very sharp and strong. In conclusion, in terms of the idea, I think that the piece brings a very meaningful idea to be expressed to the crowd and it definitely has a lot of values such as discipline and professionalism for aspiring dancers like me to learn from. I find myself drawn to works that have the courage to push beyond the norms and give the audience a unique experience. This is the main reason that this performance As if to nothing stood out as a memorable experience for me. (1348 words)

Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid :: essays research papers

Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid Many people in today’s world complain about how much Pro Athletes get pay. So I ask are Pro athletes overpaid? Look at it in this sense; they are living their dreams just like most business men do everyday. If you think that professional sports is not a job then just try to walk in the shoes of a athlete for a day. Sports, like medicine, healthcare, or software, are a business. In that business, owners pay their players what they deem they are worth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of all of the professional leagues the three that make the most money are: MLB, NFL, and NBA. Together these three leagues make an astonishing $25.5 billion dollars every year. Some of wealthiest franchises from each league are; MLB: Yankees, NFL: Washington Redskins, and NBA: Lakers. Major League Baseball makes about $3.3 billion a year. The leading franchise in baseball is the Yankees which make $832 million every year. In the National Football League the Washington Redskins make the most out of any NFL team with $952 million made every year. In the National Basketball Association the Lakers make the most with $510 million. So if each league and franch 2. Highest paid athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. list of athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. how much they make 3. How they get paid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. Salaries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. endorsement deals and memorabilia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As long as fans willingly pay $120 dollars for a replica jersey, six dollars a beer, and two thousand for courtside tickets to the Los Angeles Lakers, the owners will continue to pass on that money to their stars. People act like they're getting stiffed. Let me ask you, When was the last time, someone stuck a gun to your head and said 'Watch this football game or else'? Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid :: essays research papers Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid Many people in today’s world complain about how much Pro Athletes get pay. So I ask are Pro athletes overpaid? Look at it in this sense; they are living their dreams just like most business men do everyday. If you think that professional sports is not a job then just try to walk in the shoes of a athlete for a day. Sports, like medicine, healthcare, or software, are a business. In that business, owners pay their players what they deem they are worth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of all of the professional leagues the three that make the most money are: MLB, NFL, and NBA. Together these three leagues make an astonishing $25.5 billion dollars every year. Some of wealthiest franchises from each league are; MLB: Yankees, NFL: Washington Redskins, and NBA: Lakers. Major League Baseball makes about $3.3 billion a year. The leading franchise in baseball is the Yankees which make $832 million every year. In the National Football League the Washington Redskins make the most out of any NFL team with $952 million made every year. In the National Basketball Association the Lakers make the most with $510 million. So if each league and franch 2. Highest paid athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. list of athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. how much they make 3. How they get paid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. Salaries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. endorsement deals and memorabilia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As long as fans willingly pay $120 dollars for a replica jersey, six dollars a beer, and two thousand for courtside tickets to the Los Angeles Lakers, the owners will continue to pass on that money to their stars. People act like they're getting stiffed. Let me ask you, When was the last time, someone stuck a gun to your head and said 'Watch this football game or else'?

Main Economic Features of Oligopolies and Price-fixing Theories Essay

Introduction Oligopoly, from the ancient Greek ÏÅ'ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ "a few" and πώÎ »ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š "seller" (Woodhouse, 2002), defines the market with a small number of large players. (Begg and Ward, 2009, B&W). To demonstrate a clear understanding of what it is and how it works, this essay will be tacitly divided in two sections. In the first section I will discuss oligopoly's definition, demand curve, main features and price-fixing. In the second, I will illustrate oligopoly by referencing the UK Beer Market, and the extent to which this industry could support price-fixing. Oligopoly: definition Under monopoly one firm has no rivals (Rittenberg and Tregarthen, 2009). On the contrary, in perfect competition many small firms co-exist, none with the power to influence price (Sloman and Sutcliffe, 2001). Equally important, as a combination of monopoly and competition, monopolistic competition represents the market with freedom to enter and many firms competing. However, each firm produces a differentiated product and therefore has some control over its price. Finally, oligopoly exists when few large firms can erect barriers against entry and share a large proportion of the industry. Moreover, firms are aware of their rivals and concerned about their response to competitive challenges (Allen, 1988). Consequently, oligopolies operate under imperfect competition. Demand Curve Oligopolies present kinked demand curves. These curves are downward-sloping, similar to traditional ones. However, they are distinguished by a convex bend at a discontinuity. This change in elasticity shows that price rises will not be match by competitors, yet prices reductions will (B&W). Therefore, firms will tend not to raise prices because a small increase will lose customers... ...n_law [Accessed on 21/11/2010]. Rittenberg, L. and Tregarthen, T. (2009). Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd edition. New York: Flat World Knowledge, Inc. Routledge, R.(2010). Bertrand competition with cost uncertainty. Economics Letters, no. 107, pp. 356–359. Sab-Miller Report. (2003). On-trade and off trade. Available at: http://www.sabmiller.com/files/presentations/2003/000503/may03_ontradeofftrade_slides.pdf [Accessed on 21/11/2010]. Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M. (2001). Economics for business, 2nd edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Vives, X. (2001). Oligopoly pricing: old ideas and new tools. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Woodhouse, S. (2002) English-Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary Of The Attic Language. 10th edition. Padstow: TJI Digital. World Bank. (2010). Indicators by country. Available at: [Accessed on 16/11/2010].

Descartes Meditation Essay

1. If Descartes’s aim is to find certainty, why does he proceed by doubting as many things as he can? He feels that as long as he goes on believing his old beliefs, laziness and habit will block him from receiving any truths. He feels that if he regards his beliefs in the same way as he does any falsehoods he can remain unbiased when judging information and only then will he receive real truths. 2. What reason does he give for doubting that the senses give knowledge? That a man asleep can have a realistic dream that he is having the same experiences as a man that’s awake. 3. What does the experience of â€Å"dreams† show us concerning the senses? He talks about how real dreams appear even though they are proven to be deceiving. And if one can be deceived in a dream by all of their senses can they not also be deceived in reality by some supernatural demon. He says hypothetically that God may not have created earth, shapes, etc. and everything that we sense could be a form of deception. 4. Why can he doubt even that 2=3 = 5. He talks about the fact that he sometimes doubt others who claim to have the most perfect knowledge. And if that can be the case for them can’t it also be possible for him to be wrong about â€Å"obvious† truths. Also, if one may feel that if God’s goodness would stop him from being deceived SOME of the time, wouldn’t it stop him from being deceived ALL of the time since he is clearly deceived some of the time. Basically he is acknowledging the fact that he could be wrong.

American Dream In the 1920s Essay

In the 1920s, many Americans were trying to achieve the infamous â€Å"American Dream.† The dream was to be rich, successful, happy, and one of the social elites. However, even though this was the dream for Americans in the 1920s, the general standard has changed over the years into the present time. Since the 1920s, the dream of putting a high emphasis on an individualistic and materialistic life has evolved into a present day dream of working hard, holding a well-paying job, and raising a family. The 1920s was an era of declined social and moral values, as shown by its increased pursuit of pleasure. When World War I ended in 1918, the young Americans who had fought the war became deeply disillusioned, as the battles that they had just fought in made the Victorian social morality of the early 1920s seem like hypocrisy. This caused those that had fought in the war to not care as much about upholding traditional morals. Also, since World War I was the â€Å"war to end all wars,† Americans were quite optimistic during the 1920s. The uncontrolled satisfaction that led to self-indulgent parties and wild jazz music resulted ultimately in the corruption of the American dream, as the uninhibited desire for pleasure exceeded other, less important goals. Americans’ pursuit of pleasure in the 1920s resulted ultimately in a decline in values. Many of the values of today’s dream are similar to those of the 1920s. The dream today does consist of pleasure and happiness. However, the dream of the 1920s was to put a much stronger emphasis on it than today’s dream does. The values and morals today are also more widely accepted by the general public. An example of this is women wearing bathing suits to a public beach. In the 1920s, it was bad enough that those bathing suits were even the l east bit revealing. Today, however, it is perfectly acceptable for women to wear bikinis to a public beach, which are much more revealing than those of the 1920s. This is because the standard has gradually changed over time. Many of the values of the 1920s were extremely new and deviated from the norm greatly. The â€Å"new† values crashed right into the 1920s with the emergence of the flapper, a new generation of women who bobbed their hair, wore short skirts, and listened to jazz music. People had no time to adapt to these values. On the other hand, the values of the modern American dream were gradually incorporated. Americans today have been around these values long enough that they are now accustomed to them. During the 1920s, family life was both similar and different than it is now. Advancements in industrial production and technology enabled ordinary Americans to acquire what once had been unattainable luxuries, such as automobiles. These luxuries that were part of everyday family life in the 1920s are still part of the dream today. There are, however, differences between family life of the 1920s and modern family life. In the 1920s, husbands were the â€Å"breadwinners† for their families. While the men were at work, their wives cooked, cleaned, and looked after the home. Wives also did most of the raising of the children. Women in the 1920s did hold jobs, but that was something more for young, single women. Married women typically did not obtain a job because it would cause them to take their focus off of taking care of their family. The dream today is that both men and women perform equal shares of raising the family. Instead of just the men holding jobs, women also hold jobs today. Instead of just the women caring for the home and children, men also take part. Through these efforts, Americans can hope to achieve the part of the dream of raising a family. Throughout the 1920s, Americans went on a spending spree. The rise of the stock market led to a sudden increase in the national wealth and created a society full of materialism. People began to consume and spend more than ever, and they had the idea that money and popularity would solve everything. A person from any social background could, potentially, strike a fortune. Speculators and industrialists who achieved the American dream in the 1920s of â€Å"getting rich† were labeled the â€Å"new money.† The aristocracy disliked the new money. The so-called â€Å"old money,† families that had always had money that was passed down from generation to generation, felt that the â€Å"get rich quick† ways of earning money were not as fulfilling as the traditional ways. Today, money is valued differently than it was in the 1920s. The dream is not centered so much around money as it used to be. Yes, money is still just as important, but people nowadays keep other goals in mind other than just earning money. The dream today consists of having a job that pays well and that is enjoyable, not just a job that only pays well. Another part of the American dream that women had in the 1920s was equal rights with men. The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, which allowed women the right to vote, helped them come even closer to having equal rights with men. In the dream today, women seem to not be as concerned about women’s rights as they did in the 1920s. This is due to the fact that most of the work that needed to be done has already been done, such as the women’s rights movement and the ratification of the nineteenth amendment. Today, on average, women earn 77 cents for every dollar that men earn. Women still hold far less ownership, CEO, and other high positions within companies than men. These two facts are evidence that work still remains in the struggle for equal rights for women. However, women definitely came a long way and it is only a matter of time before they are equal with men, for most of the work has already been done. In the 1920s, there seems to have been an American dream that everyone was trying to achieve. Many people looked and some still do look toward this as a model for their own individual American dreams. However, even though this might have been the dream for many Americans in the 1920s, the general standard sure has changed over the years into the present time. Since the 1920s, the dream of putting a high emphasis on â€Å"materialistic† life has evolved into a present day dream of working hard, holding a well-paying job, and raising a family.

Effects of Alcohol on the Family Essay

Alcohol Dependence, also known as alcoholism, is a very widespread disabling addictive disorder, affecting 4% of Canadians. Alcoholism may start innocuously, due to the acceptability of social drinking, but over time, can lead to serious health problems, including brain, kidney and liver damage. Although alcoholics seem to be doing the most damage to themselves, they are hurting their families even more. Lesser-known, but just as serious victims of alcohol abuse are the alcoholics’ children. The negative effects start in the womb, where drinking during pregnancy often causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and other defects. After the baby is born, the risks continue, as the children in alcoholic families tend to lack a stable family environment and have a fairly high rate of abuse. These factors, as well as genetic predisposition, are strong precedents to the child developing alcohol abuse problems themselves. These children also tend to show more symptoms of anxiety and depression, and have lower self esteem than children from nonalcoholic families. These factors may also contribute to the likelihood of the child becoming an alcoholic. When a few drinks has turned into a few too many, a few too many times, some may start to suspect alcoholism. This is often how alcohol abuse starts, with acceptable social drinking increasing to the point where the drinker can no longer control their desire and compulsion to drink. Drinking too much alcohol over a long period changes the chemical balance in the brain linked to pleasure, causing the body to crave alcohol. Symptoms of alcoholism are frequent intoxication; drinking and continuing to drink alcohol in appropriate places and times; and often, denial of the problem. Due to the legality and availability of alcohol, it can be very difficult to quit or help another quit drinking, which can result in long-term alcohol abuse. When one has been abusing alcohol for long periods of time, it can cause a number of mental and physical problems, including, but not limited to liver damage, kidney damage, heart disease, alcoholic dementia, brain damage, and a myriad of psychological problems. Alcoholism also comes with a variety of comorbid disorders, most commonly major depressive disorder, and anxiety related disorders (Petrakis, 86). The order of the co-occurrence is not always clear; whether these disorders resulted from the alcoholism, or whether the alcoholism was triggered by the disorders varies accordingly, but regardless, the alcoholic has a much better chance of recovery if both problems are treated together. (Medline Plus) Drinking alcohol during pregnancy has been found to increase health risks to the fetus, especially after the first trimester. Any amount of alcohol may harm a developing baby, no ‘safe amount’ has yet been established; however the more alcohol consumed by an expectant mother, the higher the risks are of the baby developing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, or FAS. FAS is a series of mental and physical defects that can develop in a fetus during pregnancy if the mother has been drinking. The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence states that approximately 5000 babies are born each year with severe FAS, and another 35000 are born with milder symptoms. If an alcoholic woman’s first child has FAS, the risk of her second child having FAS as well is a daunting 70%. The range of birth defects caused by FAS can be minor to major, and are nearly always long term. The infant will be born underweight and with an alcohol dependency. A detox period will follow birth, sometimes lasting for up to several months. These babies tend to have brain and skull deformities, and can have very distinctive facial features, such as small eye openings, thin upper lips, and long, flat faces. (Dozois, and Firestone 249-262) (Davis, and Frost 100-101) As the baby grows, learning problems that will keep the child from progressing normally may become apparent. FAS can cause damage to the central nervous system, which may result in severe learning disabilities. Due to this, the child may have problems learning to walk, being able to sleep, and focusing on motor skills; and have speech problems, hearing impairment, and decreased memory recall. They may have low self-esteem, be hyperactive, and be easily angered or frustrated. Mild or severe retardation, emotional issues, the inability to bond and communicate with other children their age are common traits for a child who suffers from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. It often results in lower and overall academic performance (compared to non-FAS children), and difficulties in reading, writing, spelling, and mathematics. (Dozois, and Firestone 254) Another side effect of alcoholism in the family is the lack of a stable family environment. Alcohol has been known to negatively affect marital relationships, breaking up families, be the cause of suicide, result in unemployment and poverty, and cause or exacerbate child abuse. Over 3 times as many people report to have been previously married to an alcoholic, compared to those currently married to an alcoholic, demonstrating that relationships involving alcohol abuse are less likely to last than sober relationships. Often, if one parent is an alcoholic and the other is not, the sober partner feels that the drinking takes precedence over them and their family. This strongly affects couples with children, as they may effectively lose either parent, or end up being shuttled between them. Worse than losing a parent to divorce is the reality of losing a parent to suicide. The relationship between alcoholism and suicide is very clear, and has been well-documented. Alcohol is a depressant, and can bring on episodes of major depressive disorder. Alcohol abuse is often either self-medication for depression, or the cause of alcoholic depression. Often, alcoholic depression is a combination of the two, a vicious cycle of triggering and self-medicating that worsens one’s emotional state. This despair, combined with possible unemployment; marital, family, and financial problems; and declining health due to drinking, results in more drinking to ‘drink away’ the issues, which can push one over the edge and cause them to take their own life. (Alcoholic. ca) Even if both parents are alive and present in a child’s life, they may not always be the responsible adults and parents they are expected to be. Many severely alcoholic parents are not able to attend to and fulfill their child’s physical and emotional needs, and some may even require the child to prematurely assume the role of the parent and take care of the adult. They may be emotionally and financially supported by their children in cases where their alcoholism is too severe for them to be self-reliant and hold a steady job. If there are younger siblings, the responsibilities of parenting may fall to the oldest child, sometimes in their entirety. This role reversal is unfortunate, but all too common in families where the main caregiver is affected by substance abuse and alcoholism. This also results in the children lacking proper role models to learn from, and as teenagers, are more likely to do poorly in school, or drop out entirely and not pursue post-secondary education. Children of alcoholics have higher rates of truancy, arrest, depression, and addiction than their peers, and are usually more aggressive, obsessive, impulsive, and have lower self-esteem. (Parsons) Child abuse adds to the instability of the life of a child with alcoholic parents. While child abuse, unlike FAS, can also occur in families without alcoholic parents, 4/5 of reported cases involved substance abuse, commonly including alcohol. Alcoholism is also more prevalent among child-abusing parents than those who do not abuse their children, and is more commonly associated with child abuse than any other disorder. The abuse is not limited to physical abuse; it comes in many forms, including sexual, verbal, emotional, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect. There are many reasons and theories behind the facts, all are true to a certain degree in most situations. Some say that alcoholics are generally more violent and prone to aggression, which makes their children a convenient target. The alcohol might be making them aggressive, or they may aggressive by nature, which is exacerbated by the alcohol. Also, since alcohol and child abuse are connected, many alcoholics were abused as children themselves, and as a result, are more likely to abuse their own children. This abuse puts their children at a greater risk of alcoholism, as well as abusing their future children, perpetuating the cycle. Emotional abuse and neglect commonly occur when the inebriated parent cannot correctly assess their own priorities, emotionally (or physically) abandons their child, or does not treat them as a parent should. Regardless of the reason, child abuse results in the children doing poorly in school, having self-esteem issues, anti-social behaviour, having feelings of guilt and shame, and suffering from depression. Abused children are also much more likely to grow up to abuse their own children, and to have substance abuse issues of their own. (Widom and Hiller-Sturmhofel 52-57) Despite the obvious hope that a child with alcoholic parents will learn from their mistakes and grow up to be an addiction-free adult, the opposite is usually true. The children of alcoholics are far more likely to become a product of their environment and develop substance abuse problems, likely including, but not limited to, alcoholism. Without proper role models and examples to base themselves off of, these children tend to fall into their parents’ habits and imitate their actions. Alcoholic parents are also more likely to have raised their children in an environment where alcohol abuse was more common or more accepted than non-alcoholic parents, where they may have been influenced by their peers. Along with alcohol dependency, these children are at a much higher risk of developing other substance abuses issues and addictions, most commonly to benzodiazepines. They are also likely to suffer from symptoms of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and obsessive behaviours. Those who manage to stay sober tend to exhibit these characteristics as well. Some children of alcoholics may fall victim to the same traps as their parents, while others excel, possibly due to a desire to do better in life than their parents. (Brooke, et al 1980-1981) Alcoholism is a very tough habit to break, however anyone who desires to try has a multitude of options. There are certain medications in use that may be prescribed as part of treatment, but these usually accompany group therapy or psychotherapy, which is usually found to be the most effective. Alcoholics Anonymous, or AA, is the most common program, due to its availability, anonymity, efficacy, and affordability. It is a free international program based on the mutual support of its members, where alcoholics learn to take responsibility for their actions, and support others through their journeys. It is based on the ‘12 Steps’, which are a set of principles and beliefs that focus on admitting to mistakes and addictions, recognizing a higher power, making amends, taking responsibility, and helping others through their addictions. AA famously schools its members that alcoholism is a disease, and that it is not something that they can control. However despite all the available support, unless those who suffer from Alcohol Dependence genuinely have a wish to get better, and are willing to put the in the time and effort required, their problems often do result in lasting effects, both for themselves and others. (Alcoholic.ca) (Alcoholics Anonymous). References Alcoholics Anonymous. â€Å"Alcoholics Anonymous: This is AA. † Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. , 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. . Alcoholics Anonymous. â€Å"Alcoholics Anonymous: Is There an Alcoholic in Your Life?. † Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. , 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. . Medline Plus. â€Å"Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. † Medline Plus. National Library of Medicine, 15 Nov 2010. Web. 26 Nov 2010. . Parsons, Tetyana. â€Å"Alcoholism and Its Effect on the Family. † AllPsych Online. AllPsych and Heffner Media Group Inc. , 14 Dec 2003. Web. 28 Nov 2010. . Widom, Cathy Spatz, and Susanne Hiller-Sturmhofel. â€Å"Alcohol Abuse as a Risk Factor for and Consequence of Child Abuse. † Alcohol research & health: the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 25. 1 (2001): 52-57. Print. Alcoholic. ca. â€Å"Alcoholism and Suicide. † Alcoholic and Alcohol Treatment in Canada. Alcoholic. ca, 2009. Web. 29 Nov 2010. . Alcoholic. ca. â€Å"Alcoholic and Alcohol Treatment. † Alcoholic and Alcohol Treatment in Canada. Alcoholic. ca, 2009. Web. 29 Nov 2010. . Dozois, David, and Philip Firestone. Abnormal Psychology. 4th Ed. , Perspectives. Toronto, Canada: Pearson Education Canada, 2010. 254. Print. Brooke, S, et al. â€Å"Familial Loading for Alcoholism and Offspring Behavior: Mediating and Moderating Influences. † Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 34. 11 (2010): 1980-1981. Web. 28 Nov 2010. . Petrakis, Ismene L, et al. â€Å"Comorbidity of Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders: An Overview. † Alcohol research & health: the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 26. 2 (2002): 81-89. Print. Davis, Janet Haggerty, and Wendy Autumn Frost. â€Å"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Challenge for the Community Health Nurse. † Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1. 2 (1984): 100-101. Print.